Tamm ER, Lutjen-Drecoll E (1996) Ciliary body. Arch Ophthalmol 100:1942–1947Ĭvekl A, Ashery-Padan R (2014) The cellular and molecular mechanisms of vertebrate lens development. Johnson DH, Bourne WM, Campbell RJ (1982) The ultrastructure of Descemet’s membrane. Vis Res 10:107–108īoote C, Dennis S, Newton RH, Puri H, Meek KM (2003) Collagen fibrils appear more closely packed in the prepupillary cornea: optical and biomechanical implications. Maurice DM (1970) The transparency of the corneal stroma. Mosby Elsevier/Elsevier Inc., Edinburgh, pp 203–208 In: Yanoff M, Duker JS (eds) Ophthalmology, 3rd edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, pp 411–445, 708–732įarjo AA, McDermott ML, Soong HK (2009) Corneal anatomy, physiology, and wound healing. Oyster CW (1999) The human eye: structure and function. Warwick R, Williams PL (eds) (1973) Gray’s anatomy, 35th British edition. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 1–64īorn AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ (1997) Wolff’s anatomy of the eye and orbit, 8th edn. Stimulated by retinoic acid 6 protein TGF-β:ĭavson H (1984) The eye, vol 1a. Lens epithelium-derived growth factor LGN: Intracellular retinol-binding protein IS: Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid bb:Ĭellular retinaldehyde-binding protein CRBP: We will next provide morphological and functional details concerning the various cell types that comprise the many layers of the retina, and we will conclude by describing the series of reactions that constitute the visual retinoid cycle and the various key proteins that facilitate it. Thus, this chapter will provide a general overview that begins with the gross anatomical features of the human eye followed by a description of the histology of the mammalian retina. The purpose of this chapter is to help facilitate a thorough understanding of the subsequent chapters of this volume that focus on key ophthalmic diseases, recent developments in drug discovery efforts toward treating these diseases, and the challenges faced in the delivery of drugs to their ocular targets. In this chapter, we will provide basic background information of the human eye and retina required for readers unfamiliar with the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. Irreversible blindness affects nearly 60 million individuals worldwide, with the leading causes including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinal vascular disease. Loss of visual acuity or blindness presents a significant negative impact on quality of life. There, the neural signal is processed to give rise to color differentiation, brightness perception, contrast, and depth perception. This remarkable organ is capable of phototransduction, which involves the conversion of photon energy into an integrated neural signal that propagates through the optic nerve as an action potential to the visual cortex of the brain. Its intricate and complex anatomy has evolved to effectively focus incoming light from the surrounding environment and to harness its energy by efficiently utilizing the physicochemical properties of retinoids. The human eye is a part of the sensory nervous system and is the organ responsible for conscious light perception and vision.
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